WEAPONS—GRADETracking武器级
I am not the only language maven to notice this. At Astrakhan State Pedagogical University, located in the Volga River delta,Maya Ryashchina had found three patterns: noun plus postpositive, as in hands—on manager and heads—up tennis; verb plus postpositive, as in drive—by killing; and a modal verb plus infinitive, as in can—do mentality, must—have wine and must—see film. (Go, Astrakhan S.P.U.!)
Euphemizers have reached out for compound adjectives.Adults of generous girth or a tendency toward obesity (whom the insensitive used to call “fat people”)wear big—and—tall clothes for men, plus—size for women.
The soul—satisfying impetus for our compound—modifying discourse … it's getting to me … begin again. The biggest boost to the use of hyˉphenated adjectives in the way we write has come from the military. In that target—rich environment, we find the World War Ⅱ use of company—grade and field—gra
de officers.In the 1960's, zero—defect quality control and zero—tolerance policies made their mark, promptly picked up by politicians. “An unfortunate inclusion in the U.S.legislation,” biologists observed at the Royal Society of London in 1967, “was the use of the term ‘zero tolerance,’which implied a nil residue level.” (In the scandal affecting the Catholic Church today, a zero—tolerance policy toward pedophilepriests is in the headlines.)
What single term epitomizes the triumph of the compound adjective?The hands—down winner (in the old days, I would have written,“The winner, hands down.” and come to think of it, that's more emphatic) is weapons—grade.
This was coined in a 1952 policy statement by the Atomic Energy Comˉmission calling for “nuclear plants which are economically independent of government commitments to purchase weapons grade plutonium.” It was not then hyphenated; that was done a year later by the scientist George L.Weil, the colleague of Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago who physically initiated the first nuclear chain reaction. Weil started a linguistic chain reaction as well: the meaning became “fissionable material of a quality for use in nuclear weapons,” and its serious meaning now applies to biological agents as well.
As with all horrific words,it was quickly absorbed into popular culture. Voted the “catch—all suˉperlative” of last year by the American Dialect Society, weapons—grade has been used to modifyeverything from a Toyota's torque output to Elvis Presley's charisma.Allan Metcalf, the Dialect Society's executive secretary, explains,“Weapons—grade salsa would mean really hot.”
(续本版10月21日一期)我不是注意到这一语言现象的唯一语言专家。俄罗斯伏尔加河三角洲的州立阿斯特拉罕师范大学的玛雅·里亚希娜先前已发现有三种模式,即:名词加后置词,如hands—on(不放手的)经理和heads—up(机灵的,随机应变的)网球;动词加后置词,如drive—by(驾车从旁驶过,飞车)杀人;情态动词加动词不定式,如can—do(“我能做到”)心态,must—have(不可不喝的)酒和must—see(必看的)影片。(好样的,州立阿斯特拉罕师大!)
爱用委婉语的人力求寻找复合形容词。腰身粗大或者有肥胖趋势的成人(不敏感的人过去往往称他们为“胖人”)男子穿big—and—tall(长大的)衣服,女子则穿plus—size(加码的)。
对于促使我们使用复合形容词这种叙述法的令内心感到满足的推动力……我渐渐地明白了……再来从头谈谈。像我们现在写文章那样使用以连字符连结的形容词的最大推动力来自军队。在那target—rich(目标丰富)的环境中,我们发现第二次世界大战期间的company—grade(尉级)和field—grade(校级)军官的用法。20世纪60年代,zero—defect(零瑕疵,无瑕疵)质量管理和zero—tolerance(零容忍,毫不容忍)政策大露头角,迅即为政坛人物所采用。在1967年的伦敦皇家学会上,生物学家们说:“美国法律中写入的一个令人遗憾的内容是使用了‘零容忍’这一用语,这意味着残留水平为零。”(现在在涉及天主教会的丑闻中,对奸淫儿童的神甫实行zero—tolerance政策成为重大新闻。)
哪一个词体现了复合形容词的胜利呢?hands—down(毫不费力的)获胜者(往昔,我会写成“获胜者毫不费力地”,喔,想起来了,这样写更加有力)是weapons—grade(武器级的,一流的,最佳的,最……的)。
这个词是原子能委员会在1952年的一项政策声明中首创的,该声明要求“经济上不依靠政府拨款的核工厂购买weapons grade(武器级)钚。”当时这两个词没有用连字符连结。是科学家乔治·L·韦尔于一年后用了连字符将其连结。韦尔是芝加哥大学恩里科·费米的同事,费米实际启动了第一次核连锁反应。韦尔这回又启动了一次语言方面的连锁反应:其意思变成“其品质达到可用于核武器的裂变材料”,此词严肃的意思现在也应用于生物制剂。
如同所有极其可怕的字眼一样,这个词也很快为大众文化所吸收。weapons—grade去年被美国方言学会一致认为是个“无所不指的最高级形容词,现已用来修饰从丰田公司的转矩产品直到埃尔维斯·普雷斯利*的魅力的一切事物。美国方言学会的执行秘书艾伦·梅特卡夫解释说:“如果有人说weapons—grade辣沙司,那意思是说真辣。”
(美国《纽约时报杂志》)
译注:
*普雷斯利(1935—1977),绰号“猫王”,系美国摇滚歌王。
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