WEAPONS—GRADE武器级
Are you in favor of same—sex marriage? Have you recently gone through wrong—site surgery leading to a near—death experience? Do you search a drop—down menu to find a with—it shop so that you can look (to use a comˉpound adverb) drop—dead gorgeous in your bare—midriff dress?
When the vogue for compound adjectives was just getting under way, the hyphenated terms were usually literal: a white—collar worker wore a white shirt to the office, and a blue—collar worker's collar at the factory was often blue. The literal meaning is expressed today in disco—inspired tees (formerly T—shirts) and Gucci's under—the—breast corset. But the hyphenations could also be metaphoric: lace—curtain Irish required some knowledge of social history, much as baby—boom generation does
today.Early on, the precedent was established permitting the stringing—together of several words: the going—out—of—business sale of the Depression is matched in word number by out—of—the—box thinking today.
Now the hyphenation of modifiers rules the linguistic roost. This rule—roosting device—See? Nothing to it — satisfies the need for the new:“Hyphenation gives the impression,” says Frank Abate, former editor in chief of the U.S. Dictionaries program at Oxford University Press,“that the comˉpound is novel, imaginative or requires some background knowledge.” He notes that some of these double—word modifiers grow out of adverbial phrases: in “technology at the cutting edge,” the adverbial phrase is swung around in front of the noun to become cutting—edge technology; in the same way,“you can track changes in real time”becomes real—time data.
The compression of modification suits headline writers and e—mail correspondents, whose shortness of space or haste in composition makes them the language's leading squeezers. A statement like“a host is on duty at our Web site continuously”is whittled down to 24/7/365—hosting.Some compound adjectives are dying:push—button convenience is pass,and solid—state electronics, which substitutes transistors for vacuum tubes, is not needed in an age that assumes vacuum to be a noun for a device that sucks up dirt. State—of—the—art anything died fromoveruse, and world—class is out of the competition, falling back into the nonce—word category. And parody has weakened industrial—strength.
(to be continued)
你赞成same—sex(同性)结婚吗?你最近有没有经历过wrong—site(开错部位)的外科手术而经受一次near—death(临死)的体验?你是否在电脑上查阅drop—down(下拉)选项单找一家with—it(新潮)服装店,以便能穿上bare—midriff(袒露上腹部的)服装,显得——且使用一个复合副词———drop—dead(惊人地)漂亮?
在使用复合形容词的风气刚时兴时,用连字符连结的词语的意思通常是字面上的意思,如white—collar(白领)员工穿白衬衫去办公室上班,blue—collar(蓝领)工人在工厂穿的服装的衣领往往是蓝色的。现今以字面意义表述的复合形容词有disco—inspired(从迪斯科舞曲得到启示的)Tees——以前叫T—shirts(T恤),还有古奇①牌under—the—breast(在乳房以下的,低于乳房部位的)紧身胸衣。但是,用连字符连结的复合形容词也可以是比喻性的,如:当年lace—curtain(渴望成为中产阶级的)爱尔兰人需要懂点社会史,颇如当今的baby—boom②(生育高峰期出生的)一代有此需要一样。早先便已树立了允许把几个词串连在一起的先例:经济大萧条时期的going—out—of—business(歇业)大拍卖与当今的out—of—the—box(创新)思维在组成词的数目上是一致的。
现在,把修饰语用连字符连起来之风主宰着语言文字。这种主宰人的玩艺儿——明白吗?容易得很——满足寻求新鲜感的需要。牛津大学出版社美国辞典计划前主编弗兰克·艾贝特说:“使用连字符给人一种印象,似乎这个复合词是新颖的,富有想像力的,或者使用者具备某种背景知识。”他指出,这些双词修饰语有些是由副词短语发展而来,如:在“technology at the cutting edge(处于前沿的技术)”这个副词短语中,把词序位置一倒转,就成了cutting—edge(前沿的,先进的)technology(技术)了;“你可追踪changes in real time(实时中的变化)”变成了real—time(实时)信息了。
压缩修饰语适合标题制作者和电子邮件通讯者的需要,他们由于篇幅限制或写作时间仓促,便成了语言的领头压缩者。像“在我们的网站,主持人连续不断地值班”这样一句话被缩减为24/7/365③有人主持。有些复合形容词在衰亡:push—button(以按钮操作的)方便已经过时;在普遍认为vacuum(真空;真空吸尘器)是个指吸尘器具的名词的时代,以晶体管取代真空管的solid—state(固态)电子学这一名词已经不需要了;state—of—the—art(最新发展水平的,当今最先进的)某某事物由于用得过滥而已消亡;world—class(世界级)一词已被淘汰出局,退回到了临时造的词的行列。鹦鹉学舌般的仿效削弱了industrial—strength(异常耐用的,超强力的)一词的词义。
(待续)
译注:
①Gucci公司为意大利名牌皮件厂商,现在为欧洲最大的皮件商。
②在美国,这一代人是指二战结束后在1946—1965年间生育率显著上升时期出生的人。
③意为“一年365天,每周七天,每天24小时”。
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