PERILS OF PARLOUSParlous(危险的)的危险
These are parlous times.Make that observation in a speech,and each member of your audience will frown and nod,joining in the general worˉriment.One or two misfits will be wondering,“Does the speaker mean parlous or perilous?”
In The International Herald Tribˉune,the historian Roger Buckley writes darkly about“the parlous prospects for the economy.”Bloomberg News was told by a spokesman for Cathay Paˉcific Airways that the airline industry“is in a parlous state worldwide.”The ABC anchor Petter Jennings was quoted by Mark Jurkowitz of The Boston Globe as saying,“We are in parlous economic times.”
The word is not related to parley;it has nothing to do with the French parler,“to talk.”Parlous has the same meaning as the word it sounds like:perilous.The latin periculum,akin to peritus,“experiment”,means “risk”.But perilous is beyond “risky”,scarier than the general“dangerous”or the unavoidable “hazardous”;it is “fraught”(meaning“full of ,laden”)“with peril”.
If parlous means “perilous,”who needs both?The two forms of the same word have been battling it out for seven centuries,and today we're going to declare a winner.
Parlous is a delicious example of linguistic syncopation.Every ragˉtime or jazz enthusiast knows that when you syncopate(from the Greek for “cut short”),you begin a note on a weak beat in the bar,sustaining it into the accented part,thereby shifting the accent.In gramˉmar,you syncopate by snipping a word short or by skipping one or two syllables in the middle.Examples:fo'c'sle for forecastle,and Chumley for Cholmondelay.They don't order Worcestershire sauce in Wooster,Mass.
Usually the shorter and easier forms win,and extrality is likely to overtake extraterritoriality.However,parlous has an arch,archaic ring and carries a touch of the pompously bookish (like fraught),while perilous has a straightforward,sailor—take—warning feel.You won't be incorrect if you try to impress your friends with the syncopated form of perˉilous,but if you do,it's at your parl.
当今是Parlous(危险的)时代。如果你在讲话中口出此言,你的每位听众都将皱起眉头点点头,共同表示普遍的担忧。一两位感到不能适应的听者会寻思:“讲话者的意思是要说parlous还是perilous(危险的,两词同义)?”
历史学家罗杰·巴克利在《国际先驱论坛报》上著文忧心忡忡地谈到“经济的parlous(危险)前景”。国泰太平洋航空公司的一位发言人对《彭博新闻》的记者说,“全世界”的航空业“现在处在一种parlous(危险)状态”。《波士顿环球报》的马克·朱科维茨援引美国广播公司节目主持人波得·詹宁斯的话说:“我们处在parlous(危险的)经济时期。”
这个词与parley(会谈,谈判,讨论)没有关联;与法文parler——“说话,讲话”——完全无关。Parlous的词义与其发音相近的perˉilous一词相同。拉丁语periculum与peritus——“实验”同源,意思是“危险,风险”。但是perilous的意思超过“risky(危险的,有风险的)”,比那一般的“dangerous(危险的)”或不可避免的“hazardous(有危险的,有危害的)”更吓人;它“充满着peril(危险)”。
如果parlous的意思就是“perilous”,那么有谁两者都要呢?同一个词的两种形式七百年来一直争斗不休,今天我们要宣告一个得胜者。
parlous是说明语言节缩的有趣例子。每一个雷格泰姆音乐(一种有推动力的切分节奏的音乐风格,是爵士乐的先导——译者注)或爵士乐的爱好者都知道,切分(syncopate,来自希腊语,意为“缩短,打断,中断”)就是使某一个音开始于小节中的一个轻拍子而延续到小节中的重拍子,由此而改变重音。在语法中,节缩(syncopate)就是把一个词删节或者略去中间的一两个音节。例如,将forecastle节缩成fo'c'sle,将cholmondelay节缩成chumley.在马萨诸塞州的伍斯特(Wooster),人们购买辣酱油时不说要Worcestershire sauce (见译注)。
通常总是较简短、较方便的拼写方式获胜,因此extrality的拼写法很可能取代extraterritoriality(治外法权)。可是,parˉlous具有一种谐谑的过时的味道,并带有一点儿文绉绉的学究气(与fraught类似),而perilous一词则给人一种直截了当、“水手得到风暴警报”的感觉。如果你想用perˉilous的节缩形式来使你的朋友们获得深刻印象,不能说你用错了,不过,如果你这样做,你便是在冒遭非议的风险。译注
美国马萨诸塞州的伍斯特市,在波士顿以西,人口169759人,正式拼法应为Worcester,但作者在本文中却按其读音拼作Wooster.“辣酱油”英文为Worcestershire sauce,亦称Worcester sauce.从作者将worcester拼作wooster看,那里人们大概将辣酱油写作wooster sauce.(美国《纽约时报杂志》)
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