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字号+作者:参考消息 来源:参考消息 2002-03-04 08:00 评论(创建话题) 收藏成功收藏本文

英文精解 “You are about to embark upon a great crusade,”General Eisenhower told his troops on the eve of D—Day;he lat'...

英文精解



“You are about to embark upon a great crusade,”General Eisenhower told his troops on the eve of D—Day;he later titled his memoirs“Crusade in Europe.”American presidents liked that word:Thomas Jefferson launched“a crusadeagainst ignorance,”Theodore Roosevelt exhorted compatriots to“spend and be spent in an endless crusade”and F.D.R.,calling for a“new deal”in his acceptance speech at the 1932 Democratic convention,issued“a call to arms,”a“crusade to reˉstore America to its own people.”
But when George W.Bush ad—libbed that“this crusade,this war on terˉrorism,is going to take a while,”his figure of speech was widely criticized.That's because the word has a religious root,meaning“taking the cross,”and was coined in the 11th century to describe the first military expedition of the Crusaders,European Christians sent to reˉcover the Holy Land from the followers of Muhammad.The rallying—cry noun is offensive to many Muslims:three years ago,Osama bin Laden maligned U.S.forces in the Middle East as“crusader armies spreading like locusts.”
In this case,a word that has traditiˉonally been used to rally Americans was mistakenly used in the context of opposˉing a radical Muslim faction,and the White House spokesman promptly apologized.In the same way,Vice President Dick Cheney was chided for referring admiringly to Pakistanis as“Paks.”Steven Weisman of The New York Times asked,“Is it conceivable that he would have used a similar slur with the Japanese?”The shortening Paki is taken to be a slur,even when criticized as“paki—bashing,”and Paks only slightly less so.In past military cooperation with Pakistan,U.S.service members used Paks as they would use Brits or Aussies,nationality nicknames no more offensive than Yanks.Cheney probably picked up Pak in his Pentagon days,but innocent intent is an excuse only once;now he is sensitized,as are we all.
In the same way,when the proposed Pentagon label for the antiterror camˉpaign was floated out as“Operation Inˉfinite Justice,”a spokesman for the Council on American—Islamic Relations noted that such eternal retribution was“the prerogative of god.”Informed of this,Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld quickly pulled the plug on the pretentious moniker.
Who coins these terms?Nobody will step forward;instead,software called“Code Word,Nickname and Exercise Term System”is employed to avoid responsibˉility;it spits out a list of random names from which commanders can choose.This avoidance of coinage responsibility leads to national embarrassment.“Operations,”said Winston Churchill,“ought not to be described by code words which imˉply a boastful and overconfident sentimˉent.”(To Be Continued)
艾森豪威尔将军在二战中盟军于西欧发动反攻前夕对其部下说:“你们即将开始进行一场伟大的crusade(讨伐)。”他后来写的回忆录用的书名便是《欧洲的crusade(讨伐)》。美国的总统喜欢用这个词:托马斯·杰斐逊发动了“一场消灭无知的crusade(运动)”,西奥多·罗斯福勉励他的同胞“在一场永无休止的crusade(奋斗)中出钱又出力”,富兰克林·罗斯福在1932年的民主党代表大会上接受总统提名的演说中呼吁实行“新政”时,发出了“准备战斗的号召”,展开一场“使美国人民重新当家作主的crusade(运动)”。
但是在乔治·W·布什发表即席讲话说“这次的crusade(讨伐战),这场对恐怖主义的战争将要进行一段时间”时,他的形象化比喻却遭到了广泛的批评。这是因为这个词有着宗教方面的根源,意为“参加十字军”,是在11世纪创造出来描述十字军——即被派去从穆罕默德的信徒手中收复圣地巴勒斯坦的欧洲基督徒——的第一次征战的。这个被用作战斗口号的名词令许多穆斯林听了反感。三年前,乌萨马·本·拉丹诬蔑在中东的美国军队是“像蝗虫一样四处蔓延的crusade(十字军)部队”。
这一回,一个历来用以鼓舞美国人斗志的词被错误地用在反对穆斯林的一个激进派别的情况中,因而白宫发言人立即作了道歉。同样,副总统迪克·切尼由于以赞赏口气将巴基斯坦人称作“Paks(巴克佬)”而受到责备。《纽约时报》的史蒂文·韦斯曼责问道:“能想像他对日本人会用类似的贬义词吗?”人们认为简缩词Paki(见译注)(巴基佬;巴基鬼)是个贬义词,甚至在批评其为“Paki—bashing(凌辱巴基佬)”时也是如此,而用Paks一词,其贬损程度仅仅略微轻一点而已。在过去与巴基斯坦的军事合作中,美国军人使用Paks一词就如同他们会使用Brits(英国人;老英)或Aussies(澳大利亚人,澳洲人;老澳)一样,这是国籍的外号,与Yanks(美国人;美国佬;老美)一样并不冒犯人。切尼大概是在过去国防部长任内无意学来Paks这个用语的,但是并无恶意的解释只能作一次。他现在对用词懂得注意分寸了,我们大家也是如此。
同样,当纷纷传说五角大楼给这场反恐怖战役拟定的名称是“无限正义行动”时,美国—伊斯兰关系理事会的一位发言人指出,这种永无休止的惩罚是“上帝独有的权力”。国防部长唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德得知这一消息后,很快便下令停止使用这一狂妄的名称。
这些词语是谁造出来的?没有人会站出来承认,却有人使用名叫“代号、诨名和演习用语系统”的软件来规避责任。这套软件储有可供司令官们从中任意选择的一大串名称。这种规避承担造词责任的做法造成国民的尴尬。温斯顿·丘吉尔曾说过:“作战行动不应用代号来表述,代号含有自夸和过分自信的感情色彩。”(美国《纽约时报杂志》,未完待续)译注:
Paki一词是个贬词,或者说是蔑称,主要在英国使用,指的是移居英国的巴基斯坦人。Paki—bashing是英国俗语,指的是留五分头、穿长筒马靴的英国阿飞对移居英国的巴基斯坦人百般凌辱的行为。

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