REGIME CHANGE政权更迭
Another military euphemism, colˉlateral damage, was used above. This was not a subliminal plug for Arnold Schwarzenegger's latest movie epic of vigilante revenge. It was an introduction to a phrase used in reˉstrained apology for casualties among civilians or to destruction of other than military targets. It was also used by the mass murderer Timothy McVeigh ——— “there's always collateral damage”———— in dismissing contrition for the children his truck bomb killed in Oklahoma City.
The adjective collateral, “parallel,” came to mean “ancillary, subordinate”; as a noun, it is a pledge of security alongside a debt to ensure its payment. The essential meaning is now “on the side of.” Where the adjective is used to modify damage, the meaning becomes “unintended, inadvertent.” It is in the same league of hesitant regret as friendly fire.
The phrasedick Fred Shapiro at Yale tracked it back in its current sense to a 1961 usage by Thomas Schelling in Operations Researchmagazine:“Measures to locate and design our strategic forces so as to minimize collateral damage.”Reached at the University ofMaryland, where he is now a disˉtinguished professor, Schelling says,“I used it because it seemed to be the common terminology.” He disclaims coinage of that and of counterforce and second strike,also often attributed to him; such modesty is rare. (When I coin something, I make sure all thenattering nabobs of negativism know it.)
In running the traps withShapiro's help at the American Dialect Society, I get word from JohnBaker that collateral damage was used in a British court in 1820. It has been cooking along quietly in legal usage until the 1990's, when it exploded into military parlance.
前面使用了另一个军方的委婉语collateral damage(附带伤害,非故意伤害)。这并不是对阿诺德·施瓦辛格描绘自警团式报复行为的最新电影史诗*的下意识的宣扬,而是介绍一个对在平民中造成伤亡或摧毁并非军事目标的设施作婉约的道歉时使用的说辞。这也是大规模杀人犯蒂莫西·麦克维拒不为他的卡车炸弹在俄克拉何马城炸死那些儿童一事悔罪时用过的说法———“总是会有collateral damage(附带伤害)的”。
形容词collateral———原意为“平行的”——变成了“附带的,附属的”意思;作为名词,此词意思是举债时作为偿还债务担保的抵押品。该词的基本意思现在是“在……的旁边,旁系的”。当这个形容词用于修饰damage(伤害)时,其词义变成“非故意的,无心造成的”了。它与friendly fire(友军火力,友军炮火)一样属于不情愿的道歉用语。
耶鲁大学词组研究家弗雷德·夏皮罗将其现在的词义追溯到托马斯·谢林1961年在《运筹学研究》杂志上的一个用语:“为尽量减少collateral damage(附带伤害)而布设和设计我们的战略部队的措施。”谢林现在是马里兰大学的知名教授。我拨通了他的电话,他说:“我之所以使用这个词组,是因为它似乎是个常用术语。”他不承认这一用语为他所首创,不承认人们也往往说是他所首创的counterforce(反制力,反制攻击)和second strike(第二次打击,反击)两个用语是他创造出来的;这样谦逊是罕见的。(我新创什么词语时,我总是务使所有爱喋喋不休的怀疑主义名士知道。)
在夏皮罗的帮助下在美国方言学会进行研究时,我从约翰·贝克那里得到消息,说1820年英国一个法院使用过collateral damage(附带伤害)字样。这一词组在20世纪90年代突然之间成为军事用语之前,一直在法律用语中平静地流行着。
(美国《纽约时报杂志》)
*collateral damage也是文章中提到的施瓦辛格主演的影片的名字——本报注
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