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超级强国的脆弱性

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超级强国的脆弱性 Vulnerability of a superpower By&nbspPhilp&nbspStephens The response thus far of Mr Bush and his close'...

超级强国的脆弱性


Vulnerability of a superpower
By Philp Stephens
The response thus far of Mr Bush and his close advisers has been to promise clarity in foreign policy.The new administration will give sharper definition to“the national interest”.It will focus on the big geostrategic relationships — particularly with Russia and China.It will avoid imperial overstretch by disavowing huˉmanitarian interventions.It will expect Europe to deliver more of its own seˉcurity.It will build a National Missile Defence and advance US military superiority in space. And it will halt the tide towards global governance by applying a strict national interest test to multilateral entanglements.
As Condoleeza Rice,who will serve as Mr Bush's national security adviser,has put it:“American foreign policy in a Republican administration should refocus the US on the national interest and the pursuit of key priorities.”This chimes with the docˉtrine of Colin Powell,the secretary of state—designate,that the US should deploy its military only when victory is more than certain and the risk of casualties minimal.
General Powell personally opposed the decision to go to war against Iraq in 1991 and,more vehemently still,US intervention in the Balkans a few years later. He has promised a review of all deployments overseas.
There is a seductive simplicity here.Those who worry now about an isolationist White House have often been among the critics of US imperialism.If America draws its frontiers more tightly,who are its allies to complain?
Here,though,lies the snag for Mr Bush.In opposition,it is always easy to draw straight lines.In power,they soon become blurred and tangled by realities. Of course,one can produce a shortlist of the trends — Russia's response to decline,a more assertive China,deadly stalemate in the Middle East — most likely to impact directly on US security. But developments elsewhere cannot be neatly divided beˉtween those that impinge on America's national interest and those to be safely ignored.
Take the Balkans. Nothing would be easier than to withdraw the 10,000 US troops in Bosnia and Kosovo.Nor,for that matter,to begin bringing the GIs home from their bases in western Europe.Let the Europeans police their own continent.
But how would Washington feel if Moscow stepped back into a Balkan chaos? How far would US security be enhanced if its allies responded,sanely,to a US retreat from its bases in Europe by deciding it was prudent to be friends again with Iran,Libya,even Iraq? How,as it focuses on a few big issues,will a Bushadministration persuade its enemies(and friends)to halt the proliferation of lethal technologies? How safe will America be behind its star wars shield if Russia sells its missile blueprints to the highest bidder?
There are scores of issues — from Afghanistan's opium crop to the health of Argentina's banks — where narrow national interests cannot be separated from those of a wider international comˉmunity.
The global financial stabilitypromoted by institutions such as the Inˉternational Monetary Fund is not driven by misguided notions of international philanthropy or world government.It serves US prosperity.
These interdependencies are set to become even more complex.As the CIA says:“States will continue to be the dominant players…but governments will have less and less control over the flows of information,technology,diseases,migrants,arms and financial transactions across their borders.”In other words,we will need more,not less,international governance.
Bill Clinton's conduct of foreign affairs was imperfect.But after a time he understood two important things.For those who rule an empire,domestic and foreign policy are indivisible. And the American empire has a thousandfrontiers.  
超级强国的脆弱性
作者:菲利普·斯蒂芬斯  译者:王季良
(续8月12日12版)布什先生及其亲密顾问们迄今为止的回应是许诺要在对外政策方面态度鲜明。美国新政府将对“国家利益”作出更明确的界定。它将把重点放在重大的地理战略关系上——特别是与俄罗斯和中国的地理战略关系上;将拒不进行人道主义干涉以避免把帝国的战线拉得过长;将期待欧洲更多地承担起保障本身安全的责任;将建立国家导弹防御系统并提升美国在太空的军事优势。美国还将对多国卷入行动实行严格的国家利益标准,以止住走向全球统治的趋势。
正如将出任布什先生的国家安全顾问的康多莉扎·赖斯所说:“共和党执政下的美国对外政策应当进行调整,把美国的重点放在维护国家利益和致力于关键性的优先事项上。”这与候任国务卿科林·鲍威尔的下述原则是一致的,即:美国只有在胜利完全有把握和人员伤亡风险极小的情况下才应动用其军事力量。
鲍威尔将军个人是反对1991年对伊拉克开战的决定的,而且对几年后美国干预巴尔干半岛事务的举动反对得更加激烈。他已许诺要重新研究在海外的所有军事部署。
在这个问题上,道理是简单不过的。现在有些人担心白宫奉行孤立主义政策,而这些人往往一向居于批评美国帝国主义行径者的行列。如果美国收缩其疆界范围,它的盟国中有谁会表示不满呢?
不过,布什先生的困难就在这里。在野时,划定笔直的界线总是很容易。执政时,由于现实情况,这些界线很快就变得模糊和缠绕不清了。当然,可以列出一张十之八九会直接影响美国安全的各种趋势的单子——俄罗斯对衰落的对策,中国更加坚持己见,中东后果堪虑的僵局。但是,其他地方的局势发展却无法干净利落地划分为影响美国国家利益的和可以不予关注而不会有事的两类。
且举巴尔干半岛为例。将驻扎在波斯尼亚和科索沃的一万美军撤走,那是容易不过的事。其实,开始把美国兵从其在西欧的基地撤回本国又何尝不是如此。让欧洲人自己去守卫他们的大陆。
但是,假如莫斯科趁巴尔干出现混乱局面又回到那里,华盛顿的感觉会如何?如果美国的盟国对美国从其在欧洲的基地撤走作出神志正常的反应,断定再度与伊朗、利比亚甚至伊拉克交好是智虑的,美国的安全会增进到什么程度?即将上台的布什政府在把注意力集中于少数几个大问题上时,将如何去说服其敌人(及朋友)停止扩散毁灭性技术?如果俄国把其导弹的蓝图卖给出价最高者,美国靠其星球大战屏障来保护自己把握有多大呢?
在一些问题上,狭隘的国家利益与广大国际社会的利益是分不开的,而这样的问题很多很多———从阿富汗的罂粟种植问题一直到阿根廷银行的正常运转问题。
推动实现由诸如国际货币基金组织等机构促进的全球金融稳定,并不是出于国际慈善行为或世界政府等错误观念,而是因为全球金融稳定有利于美国的繁荣。
这些相互依存的情况很可能会变得更为复杂。如中央情报局所说:“国家将仍然起主要作用……但是各国政府对跨越国界的信息传播、技术传播、疾病传播、人员流动、军火交易和金融交易的控制力将越来越小。”换言之,我们需要加强而不是减弱国际管理。
比尔·克林顿在对外事务处理上不够完美。但是,过了一段时间后,他懂得了两件重要的事情。对于统治帝国的人而言,对内政策和对外政策两者是不可分割的。而美利坚帝国有着数不清的疆界。
(英国《金融时报》)

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