超级强国的脆弱性
此文最初发表于2001年1月。菲利普·斯蒂芬斯以此文荣获2002年度戴维·瓦特奖。戴维·瓦特奖每年一次,授予“被评定为以英语对阐明国家问题,国际问题和政治问题并促进人们更深刻地认识这些问题作出突出贡献的作者”。
帝国的烦恼在于,它们要防守的疆界太多。制服了西哥特人和汪达尔人,又来了匈奴人。遏阻了凯尔特人,又面对着盎格鲁人和撒克逊人。野蛮民族永远在大门口。
美利坚帝国的情况与此不同。在21世纪,不再有必要占领他人国土来施展影响力了。然而,美国的经济和军事霸权并不因为没有漫长的地理疆界而稍减其威力。不过,正如同美国现在无比强大一样,它也像以前的许多帝国一样,感到无比的脆弱。
美国作为独一无二的超级强国和我们称之为全球化的经济过程的火车头,其利益是无视老式疆界的。美国只要抬眼一看,不论何处,都利害攸关。这种利害关系也许是直截了当的地理政治的,如在欧洲、中东或中国东海和南海。有时候,所关涉到的是美国企业的成功,或者在发生金融混乱的时候,是华尔街各银行的偿付能力。无论如何,总是有着利害关系。
我们还可看到比较传统的帝国的另一个特点。势力越大,美国越是为自己的安全问题苦恼。差不多十年前,美国的手指时时不离核武器按钮。当时,处在苏联威胁的阴影下,极大的危险是无可避免的严酷现实。
毫不费力地取得优势造成一种不同的心理。美国拥有不可挑战的实力,因而必须使自己不受即令是最小的危险的危害。美国的军事优势越大,就必须更加确保其公民不受危害,确保其武装力量不面对战争的严峻现实。美国必须从15000英尺的高空进行轰炸,必须从远离战场的地方发射导弹(炮弹)。
乔治·W·布什的即将上台的政府所面临的难题是:美国的全球主宰局面越是彻底,其国家利益就越错综复杂,范围就越广大。简言之,美国会失去的利益就越多。
且以最近中央情报局就今后十年及以后的前景提出的报告的主旨为例。该报告以乐观的语调开头,说:“到2015年,美国在经济、技术、军事和外交诸方面的全球性影响,在世界各国中将是无与伦比的,在区域组织和国际组织中也将是如此。”
接着来了好些“但是”。敌手,不论现实的还是潜在的,都不会默认上述一点。在利益发生冲突时,盟国也不会。反对者不会与美国正面对抗,而是“设法避开美国的强点或使之尽量减弱,并利用看出的弱点”。无赖国家、国际恐怖分子和犯罪阴谋全都会威胁美国“本土”。使美国具有超群地位的是先进技术,而其敌人很快也会拥有这些技术。
中央情报局将这些风险称之为“非对称”风险,但是提醒注意:大规模毁灭性武器的扩散并不使这些武器的杀伤性因此而有丝毫减弱。该局的判断(这一判断也许是依据自我利益作出的)是:在今后15年中,美国遭受导弹攻击的可能性比在冷战时期更大。(待续)
Vulnerability of a superpower
By Philip Stephens
Philip Stephens won the 2002 David Watt prize for this article,which was first published in January 2001.The prize is awarded annually “to a writer judged to have made an outstanding contribution in the English language towards the clariˉfication of national,international and political issues and the promotion of their greater understanding”.
The trouble with empires is that they have too many frontiers. Face down the Visigoths and Vandals and along come the Hunnic hordes.Contain the Celts and confront the Angles and the Saxons.The barbarians are forever at the gates.
The American empire is different. In the 21st century,it is no longer necessary to occupy land to project power.Yet the economic and military hegemony of the US is no less real for the absence of extended geographical boundaries. And,just as the US is now uniquely powerful,so,like many of its predecessors,it feels uniquely vulnerable.
As the single superpower and the engine of the economic process we call globalisation ,America's interests areblind to old—fashioned frontiers.Everywhere it cares to look,the US has a stake. It might be straightforwardly geopolitical,as in Europe,the Middle East or the China seas. Sometimes what matters is the success of US businesses or,in times of financial turmoil,the solˉvency of Wall Street's banks. Always,however,there is an interest.
We can see too another characˉteristic of more traditional empires.The greater its sway,the more the US frets about its security . Scarcely more than a decade ago, it lived with a finger on the nuclear button.In the shadow of the Soviet threat,extreme risk was an unavoidable fact of life.
Effortless suˉperiority has engendered a different psychology.America's unchallenged might must inˉsulate it from the smallest dangers.The sharper its military edge,the more cerˉtain it must be that its citizens are safe and its armed forces exempt from the grim reality of warfare.It must bomb from 15,000ft,fire from miles behind the battlefield.
Here is the conundrum facing George W.Bush's incoming administration.The morecomplete America's global domˉinance,the more complex,entangled and extensive its national interests.The more,in short,it has to lose.
Take the tenor of a recent report from the Central Intelligence Agency on prospects for the next decade and beyond.It starts on an upbeat note:“US global economic,technological,military and diplomatic influence will be unparalleled among nations as well as regional and inˉternational organisations in 2015.”
Then come the buts. Adversaries,real and potential,will not acquiesce. Nor,when their interests conflict,will allies.Opponents will not confront the US head on.Instead“they will try to cirˉcumvent or minimise US strengths and exploit perceived weaknesses.”Rogue states,international terrorists and crimˉinal conspiracies will all threaten the US“homeland”.The advanced technologies that have given theUS itspre—emˉinence will soon arm its enemies.
The CIA calls these“asymmetric”risks but warns that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction makes them no less deadly forthat. Its judgment(this one perhaps tailored to self—interest)is that the US will be more vulnerable to missile attack in the next 15 years than it was during the cold war.(to be continued)
【查看完整讨论话题】 | 【用户登录】 | 【用户注册】