无名事件Nameless Event
(续本版1月7日一期)这两种词形互相竞争,normality一直居于领先地位,直到哈定①于1920年成了使用头韵法②的名人,写出了“不是空泛的豪言壮语,而是治愈创伤;不是灵丹妙药,而是normalcy;不是革命,而是恢复;不是鼓动,而是调整”和(我特别喜爱的)“不是实验,而是平衡”。
在受到—ity使用者的嘲笑时,这位总统叫他的批评者去查查词典,而梅里厄姆—韦伯斯特词典(韦氏词典)上果真收有此词。于是大家便看好normalcy的前景。这件事导致另一个误纠。
ENDURANCE CONTEST(耐力比赛)
美国国防部对其反恐怖主义作战行动抛弃了“无限正义战役”这一名称,起了个新名称,叫做“持久自由战役”。国防部长唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德说:“Enduring(持久,历久)这个词表示,这不是一次速决作战。”布什总统在一次对中情局的激励讲话中欣然接受了这一用语,他说:“我们正在执行一项确保自由enduring(持久保持下去)的使命。”
布朗克斯区的费朗兹·阿利纳在致《纽约时报》的一封信中提出异议,说:“‘Enduring Freedom’(持久自由)一语有着双重意思。Enduring一词的词义除了是‘坚持不懈’之外,还有‘容忍’的意思。”《纽约时报》还收到大量电子邮件和传真件,陈述同样的意见。
情况不是这样。韦氏大学词典第十版主编弗雷德·米什回答说:“他是取动词endure的词根意义,将其转移到分词形容词上来。一个动词可以有许多词义,但是这些词义并不是都能转移到分词形容词上去的。”
不及物动词endure,词根是拉丁语durus,意为“坚硬”。它有许多词义:“持续、持久、经久”或“在逆境中保持坚定”,但是在表述行动时却有着不同的意义,表示“忍受、容忍、纵容”之意。
在动词endure加上—ing而成为分词形容词时,这一不同词义是否就随带过去了呢?不。Enduring一词几乎总是用来表示“持久、永久”的意思,如enduring(恒久的)友谊”;偶尔它表示“耐久、耐用”的意思,如“一种enduring(耐用的)材料”;仅仅在极少情况下,它的意思确实是“忍受”,如“他enduring(忍受着)人身攻击,坚持做下去”。
词典编纂者米什说:“大多数人理解的意思是拉姆斯菲尔德大概想表示的意思。”这个意思就是“持久的”,把enduring用作修饰词。理解为另一个意思近乎反常。(“反常”一词能用abnormalcy吗?英语没有这个词)。
ANTICOUNTER(反反击)
我们是在从事antiterrorism(反恐怖袭击),还是counterterrorism(反击恐怖袭击的斗争)?
Antiterrorism,据国防部的《军事及相关术语词典》解释,是“防御性措施,旨在减少个人和财产受恐怖行动伤害的可能性,包括由地方军事力量作出有限反应和加以遏止”。
Counterterrorism则是“进攻性措施,旨在防止、吓阻恐怖袭击的发生并在发生时予以反击”。
对9月11日的袭击如何作出反应呢:鸽派主张antiterrorism(进行反恐怖袭击斗争),而鹰派则坚决主张counterterrorism(对恐怖袭击予以反击)。
(美国《纽约时报杂志》)译注:
① Warren Gamaliel Harding(1856—1923年),美国第29任总统,共和党人,其政府腐败无能、声名狼藉。
②用头韵法,即遣词造句时使文字押头韵。押头韵(to alliterate)就是使用相同的字母或声韵开头,请参见英文原文。
The two forms competed,normality in the lead,until Harding made the alliterator's hall of fame in 1920 with“not heroics but healing,not nostrums but normalcy,not revolution but restoration,not agitation but adjustment”and (my favorite)“not experiment but equipoise.”
When mocked by users of —ity,the president told his critics to look it up in the dicˉtionary———and there it was,in Merriam—Webster's.The populace was bullish on normalcy.Which leads to another miscorrection:ENDURANCE CONTEST
The Defense Department junked the name Operation Infinite Justice for its campaign against terrorism.New title:Operation Enˉduring Freedom.“Enduring suggests that this is not a quick fix,”said Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.President Bush embraced the phrase in a pep talk to the C.I.A:“We are on a mission to make sure that freedom is enduring.”
“There is a double meaning to‘Enduring Freedom,'”objected Franz Allina of the Bronx in a letter to The Times.“Enduring means‘tolerating'as well as‘persevering.'”Other e—mail and faxes flew in to make the same point.
Not so.“He's taking the root meaning of the verb,”replies Fred Mish,editor in chief of Merriam—Webster's 10th Collegiate,“and transferring it to the participial adjective.A verb can have many meanings,but they don't all carry over to the adjective.”
The intransitive verb endure,rooted in the Latin durus,“hard,”has many senses:“to last,”or“to reˉmain firm under adversity,”but a different meaning when transˉferring action:“to suffer,tolˉerate,countenance.”
Does that difference carry over when the verb enˉdure adds an —ing and becomes a participial adjective?No.Enduring is almost always used to mean “lasting,permanent,”as in“an enduring friendˉship”;occasionally it means“durable,”as in“an enduring substance”;only once in a blue moon does it mean “tolerating,”as in“enduring personal attacks,he carried on.”
“The meaning that comes to mind with most people,”says the lexicographer Mish,“is the meaning Rumsfeld probably meant.”That meaning is“lasting,”using enduring as a modifier.The other meaning would be close to an abnormality.(Abnormalcy?No such word.)
ANTICOUNTER
Are we engaged in antiterrorism or counterterrorism?
Antiterrorism,according to the Department of Defense Dicˉtionary of Military and Associated Terms,is“defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terˉrorist acts,to include limited reˉsponse and containment by local military forces.”
Counterterrorism is“offensive measures taken to prevent,deter and respond to terrorism.”
How to respond to Sept.11?Doves prefer antiterrorism;hawks plump for counterterrorism.
【查看完整讨论话题】 | 【用户登录】 | 【用户注册】